Humansarefarmorethanmerelythesumtotalofallthecellsthatformtheorgansandtissues.Thedigestivetract1isalsohometoavastcolonyofbacteriaofallvarieties,aswellasthemyriad2（无数的）virusesthatprey3uponthem.Becausethetypesofbacteriacarriedinsidethebodyvaryfrompersontoperson,sodoesthisviralpopulation,knownasthevirome.Bycloselyfollowingandanalyzing4theviromeofoneindividualovertwo-and-a-halfyears,researchersfromthePerelmanSchoolofMedicineattheUniversityofPennsylvania,ledbyprofessorofMicrobiologyFredericD.Bushman,Ph.D.,haveuncoveredsomeimportantnewinsightsonhowaviralpopulationcanchangeandevolve--andwhytheviromeofonepersoncanvarysogreatlyfromthatofanother.Theevolutionandvarietyoftheviromecanaffectsusceptibilityandresistancetodiseaseamongindividuals,alongwithvariableeffectivenessofdrugs.

TheirworkwaspublishedintheProceedings5oftheNationalAcademyofSciences.

Mostoftheviromeconsistsofbacteriophages,virusesthatinfectbacteriaratherthandirectlyattackingtheirhumanhosts.However,thechangesthatbacteriophageswreak6uponbacteriacanalsoultimatelyaffecthumans.

"Bacterial7virusesarepredators8onbacteria,sotheymoldtheirpopulations,"saysBushman."Bacterialvirusesalsotransportgenes9fortoxins10,virulence11factorsthatmodifythephenotype（表型）oftheirbacterialhost."Inthisway,aninnocent,benign12（良性的）bacterium13livinginsidethebodycanbetransformedbyaninvadingvirusintoadangerousthreat.

At16timepointsoverdays,Bushmanandhisteamcollectedstoolsamplesfromahealthymalesubjectandextractedviralparticlesusingseveralmethods.Theythenisolated14andanalyzed15DNA16contigs(contiguoussequences)usingultra-deepgenomesequencing.

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